Module mathcomp.analysis.topology_theory.num_topology

From HB Require Import structures.
From mathcomp Require Import all_ssreflect_compat all_algebra all_classical.
From mathcomp Require Import interval_inference reals topology_structure.
From mathcomp Require Import uniform_structure pseudometric_structure.
From mathcomp Require Import order_topology matrix_topology.

# Topological notions for numerical types We endow `numFieldType` with the types of topological notions (accessible with `Import numFieldTopology.Exports`).

Import Order.TTheory GRing.Theory Num.Theory.

Set SsrOldRewriteGoalsOrder.
Set Implicit Arguments.
Unset Strict Implicit.
Unset Printing Implicit Defensive.

Local Open Scope classical_set_scope.
Local Open Scope ring_scope.

. () := hasNbhs.Build R^o
(nbhs_ball_ (ball_ (fun => `|x|))).

Module .
Section TopologicalNumDomainType.
Variable ( : numDomainType).

Lemma ( : R^o) : ProperFilter (nbhs p).

Proof.

split.
  by move=> [] e e0 /subsetP/(_ p); rewrite !in_setE/= subrr normr0.
split=> [|P Q|P Q].
- by exists 1; [exact: ltr01|exact: subsetT].
- move=> [] /= e e0 /subsetP eP [] /= f f0 /subsetP fQ.
  exists (Order.min e f) => /=.
    by rewrite [Num.min e f]/(Order.min e f); case: ifP.
  apply/subsetP => x.
  rewrite in_setE in_setI/= => pef.
  apply/andP; split.
    apply/eP/mem_set/(lt_le_trans pef).
    by case: (@real_ltP _ e f) => //; exact: gtr0_real.
  apply/fQ/mem_set/(lt_le_trans pef).
  by case: (@real_ltP _ f e) => //; exact: gtr0_real.
- move=> PQ [] /= e e0 eP.
  by exists e => //; exact: (subset_trans eP).
Qed.

Lemma ( : R^o) ( : set R) : nbhs p A -> A p.

Proof.

move=> [] /= e e0 /subsetP /(_ p).
by rewrite !in_setE/= subrr normr0 e0 => /(_ erefl).
Qed.

Lemma ( : R^o) ( : set R) : nbhs p A -> nbhs p (nbhs^~ A).

Proof.

move=> [] /= e e0 /subsetP eA; exists e => //.
apply/subsetP => x /[!inE]/= xe.
exists (e - `|p - x|); first by rewrite /= subr_gt0.
apply/subsetP => y; rewrite inE/= ltrBrDl => ye.
apply/eA/mem_set => /=.
by rewrite -(subrK x p) -addrA (le_lt_trans (ler_normD _ _)).
Qed.

End TopologicalNumDomainType.

End TopologicalNumDomainType.

. () := Nbhs_isNbhsTopological.Build R^o
  (@TopologicalNumDomainType.nbhs_filter R)
  (@TopologicalNumDomainType.nbhs_singleton R)
  (@TopologicalNumDomainType.nbhs_nbhs R).

. () := Nbhs_isPseudoMetric.Build R R^o
  nbhs_ball_normE ball_norm_center ball_norm_symmetric ball_norm_triangle erefl.

. () :=
  Uniform_isPseudoMetric.Build R R^o
    ball_norm_center ball_norm_symmetric ball_norm_triangle erefl.

Lemma ( : realFieldType) ( : R^o) : nbhs x =
  filter_from (fun => itv_open_ends i /\ x \in i) (fun => [set` i]).

Proof.

rewrite eqEsubset; split => U.
  case => _ /posnumP[e] xeU.
  exists (`]x - e%:num, x + e%:num[); first split => //.
    by rewrite in_itv/= -lter_distl subrr normr0.
  apply: subset_trans xeU => z /=.
  by rewrite in_itv /= -lter_distl distrC.
case => [][[[]l|[]]] [[]r|[]] []//= _.
- move=> xlr lrU; exists (Order.min (x - l) (r - x)).
    by rewrite /= lt_min ?lterBDr ?add0r ?(itvP xlr).
  apply/(subset_trans _ lrU)/subset_ball_prop_in_itv.
  suff : (`]x - Order.min (x - l) (r - x), x + Order.min (x - l) (r - x)[
          <= `]l, r[)%O by move/subitvP => H ? ?; exact: H.
  rewrite subitvE 2!lteBSide/=.
  by rewrite lerBrDl [_ + l]addrC -2!lerBrDl 2!ge_min 2!lexx orbT.
- move=> xl lU; exists (x - l) => /=; first by rewrite lterBDr add0r (itvP xl).
  apply/(subset_trans _ lU)/subset_ball_prop_in_itv.
  suff : (`]x - (x - l), x + (x - l)[ <= `]l, +oo[)%O.
    by move/subitvP => + ?; exact.
  by rewrite subitvE lteBSide/= subKr lexx.
- move=> xr rU; exists (r - x) => /=; first by rewrite lterBDr add0r (itvP xr).
  apply/(subset_trans _ rU)/subset_ball_prop_in_itv.
  suff : (`]x - (r - x), x + (r - x)[ <= `]-oo, r[)%O.
    by move/subitvP => + ?; exact.
  by rewrite subitvE lteBSide/= addrC subrK.
- by move=> _; rewrite set_itvE subTset => ->; exists 1 => /=.
Qed.

Module .

. () := PseudoPointedMetric.copy R R^o.

. () := PseudoPointedMetric.copy R R^o.

. () := PseudoPointedMetric.copy R R^o.

. () := PseudoPointedMetric.copy R R^o.

. () :=
  PseudoPointedMetric.copy R R^o.

. () := PseudoPointedMetric.copy R R^o.

. () :=
  Order_isNbhs.Build _ R (@real_order_nbhsE R).

. () :=
  Order_isNbhs.Build _ R (@real_order_nbhsE R).

Module . HB.reexport. End Exports.

End numFieldTopology.
Import numFieldTopology.Exports.

Reserved Notation "x ^'+" (at level 3, left associativity, format "x ^'+").
Reserved Notation "x ^'-" (at level 3, left associativity, format "x ^'-").

Section at_left_right.
Variable : numFieldType.

Definition ( : R) := within (fun => u < x) (nbhs x).
Definition ( : R) := within (fun => x < u) (nbhs x).
Local Notation := (at_left x) : classical_set_scope.
Local Notation := (at_right x) : classical_set_scope.

Global Instance ( : R) : ProperFilter x^'+.

Proof.

apply: Build_ProperFilter => -[_/posnumP[d] /(_ (x + d%:num / 2))].
apply; last by rewrite ltrDl.
by rewrite /= opprD addNKr normrN ger0_norm// gtr_pMr// invf_lt1// ltr1n.
Qed.

Global Instance ( : R) : ProperFilter x^'-.

Proof.

apply: Build_ProperFilter => -[_ /posnumP[d] /(_ (x - d%:num / 2))].
apply; last by rewrite gtrBl.
by rewrite /= opprB addrC subrK ger0_norm// gtr_pMr// invf_lt1// ltr1n.
Qed.

Lemma ( : topologicalType) ( : R -> T) ( : R) ( : T) :
f x @[ --> p^'] --> l -> f x @[ --> p^'+] --> l.

Proof.

by apply: cvg_trans; apply: cvg_app; apply: within_subset=> r ?; rewrite gt_eqF.
Qed.

Lemma ( : topologicalType) ( : R -> T) ( : R) ( : T) :
f x @[ --> p^'] --> l -> f x @[ --> p^'-] --> l.

Proof.

by apply: cvg_trans; apply: cvg_app; apply: within_subset=> r ?; rewrite lt_eqF.
Qed.

Lemma : \forall \near x^'+, x < y.

Proof.

by rewrite near_withinE; apply: nearW. Qed.

Lemma : \forall \near x^'-, y < x.

Proof.

by rewrite near_withinE; apply: nearW. Qed.

Lemma : \forall \near x^'+, y != x.

Proof.

by rewrite near_withinE; apply: nearW => ? /gt_eqF->. Qed.

Lemma : \forall \near x^'-, y != x.

Proof.

by rewrite near_withinE; apply: nearW => ? /lt_eqF->. Qed.

Lemma : \forall \near x^'+, x <= y.

Proof.

by rewrite near_withinE; apply: nearW; apply/ltW. Qed.

Lemma : \forall \near x^'-, y <= x.

Proof.

by rewrite near_withinE; apply: nearW => ?; apply/ltW. Qed.

Lemma : x < z -> \forall \near x^'+, y < z.

Proof.

move=> xz; exists (z - x) => //=; first by rewrite subr_gt0.
by move=> y /= + xy; rewrite distrC ?ger0_norm ?subr_ge0 1?ltW// ltrD2r.
Qed.

Lemma : x < z -> \forall \near nbhs x^'+, y <= z.

Proof.

by move=> xz; near=> y; apply/ltW; near: y; exact: nbhs_right_lt.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma : 0 < e -> \forall \near x ^'+, y - x < e.

Proof.

move=> e0; near=> y; rewrite ltrBlDr; near: y.
by apply: nbhs_right_lt; rewrite ltrDr.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma : x < z -> \forall \near x^'+, y <= z.

Proof.

by move=> xz; near do apply/ltW; apply: nbhs_right_lt.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma ( : R) ( : pred R) :
~ (\forall \near p^'+, P x) <->
forall : {posnum R}, exists2 , p < x < p + e%:num & ~ P x.

Proof.

split=> [pPf e|ex_notPx].
- apply: contrapT => /forallPNP peP; apply: pPf; near=> t.
  apply: contrapT; apply: peP; apply/andP; split.
  + by near: t; exact: nbhs_right_gt.
  + by near: t; apply: nbhs_right_lt; rewrite ltrDl.
- rewrite /at_right near_withinE nearE.
  rewrite -filter_from_ballE /filter_from/= -forallPNP => _ /posnumP[d].
  have [x /andP[px xpd] notPx] := ex_notPx d; rewrite -existsNP; exists x => /=.
  apply: contra_not notPx; apply => //.
  by rewrite /ball/= ltr0_norm ?subr_lt0// opprB ltrBlDl.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

End at_left_right.
#[global] Typeclasses Opaque at_left at_right.
Notation := (at_left x) : classical_set_scope.
Notation := (at_right x) : classical_set_scope.

#[global] Hint Extern 0 (Filter (nbhs _^'+)) =>
  (apply: at_right_proper_filter) : typeclass_instances.

#[global] Hint Extern 0 (Filter (nbhs _^'-)) =>
  (apply: at_left_proper_filter) : typeclass_instances.

Lemma { : realFieldType} { : topologicalType}
    ( : R -> T) :
  f @ x^'- --> f x /\ f @ x^'+ --> f x <-> f @ x --> f x.

Proof.

split; last by move=> cts; split; exact: cvg_within_filter.
move=> [+ +] U /= Uz => /(_ U Uz) + /(_ U Uz); near_simpl.
rewrite !near_withinE => lf rf; apply: filter_app lf; apply: filter_app rf.
near=> t => xlt xgt; have := @real_leVge R x t; rewrite !num_real.
move=> /(_ isT isT) /orP; rewrite !le_eqVlt => -[|] /predU1P[|//].
- by move=> <-; exact: nbhs_singleton.
- by move=> ->; exact: nbhs_singleton.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma ( : realType) ( : set R) :
A !=set0 -> has_ubound A -> closure A (sup A).

Proof.

move=> A0 ?; have [|AsupA] := pselect (A (sup A)); first exact: subset_closure.
rewrite closure_isolated_limit_point.
right => U /nbhs_ballP[_ /posnumP[e]] supAeU.
suff [x [Ax /andP[sAex xsA]]] : exists , A x /\ sup A - e%:num < x < sup A.
  exists x; split => //; first by rewrite lt_eqF.
  apply supAeU; rewrite /ball /= ltr_distl (addrC x e%:num) -ltrBlDl sAex.
  by rewrite andbT (le_lt_trans _ xsA) // lerBlDl lerDr.
apply: contrapT => /forallNP Ax.
suff /(ge_sup A0) : ubound A (sup A - e%:num).
  by rewrite leNgt => /negP; apply; rewrite ltrBlDl ltrDr.
move=> y Ay; have /not_andP[//|/negP] := Ax y.
rewrite negb_and leNgt => /orP[//|]; apply: contra => sAey.
rewrite lt_neqAle sup_upper_bound // andbT.
by apply: contra_not_neq AsupA => <-.
Qed.

Lemma ( : realType) ( : set R) :
has_ubound X -> X° `<=` [set | r < sup X].

Proof.

move=> uX r Xr; rewrite /mkset ltNge; apply/negP.
rewrite le_eqVlt => /orP[/eqP supXr|]; last first.
  by apply/negP; rewrite -leNgt ub_le_sup//; exact: interior_subset.
suff : ~ X° (sup X) by rewrite supXr.
case/nbhs_ballP => _/posnumP[e] supXeX.
have [f XsupXf] : exists : {posnum R}, X (sup X + f%:num).
  exists (e%:num / 2)%:pos; apply supXeX; rewrite /ball /= opprD addNKr normrN.
  by rewrite gtr0_norm // ltr_pdivrMr // ltr_pMr // ltr1n.
have : sup X + f%:num <= sup X by exact: ub_le_sup.
by apply/negP; rewrite -ltNge; rewrite ltrDl.
Qed.

Lemma ( : realType) ( : set R) :
has_lbound X -> X° `<=` [set | inf X < r].

Proof.

move=> lX r Xr; rewrite /mkset ltNge; apply/negP.
rewrite le_eqVlt => /orP[/eqP rinfX|]; last first.
  by apply/negP; rewrite -leNgt ge_inf//; exact: interior_subset.
suff : ~ X° (inf X) by rewrite -rinfX.
case/nbhs_ballP => _/posnumP[e] supXeX.
have [f XsupXf] : exists : {posnum R}, X (inf X - f%:num).
  exists (e%:num / 2)%:pos; apply supXeX; rewrite /ball /= opprB addrC subrK.
  by rewrite gtr0_norm // ltr_pdivrMr // ltr_pMr // ltr1n.
have : inf X <= inf X - f%:num by exact: ge_inf.
by apply/negP; rewrite -ltNge; rewrite ltrBlDr ltrDl.
Qed.

Lemma { : numFieldType} ( : R) : nbhs (- x) = -%R @ x.

Proof.

rewrite predeqE => A; split=> //= -[] e e_gt0 xeA; exists e => //= y /=.
by move=> ?; apply: xeA => //=; rewrite -opprD normrN.
by rewrite -opprD normrN => ?; rewrite -[y]opprK; apply: xeA; rewrite /= opprK.
Qed.

Lemma { : topologicalType} { : numFieldType} ( : R -> T) ( : R)
( : T) :
(f \o -%R) x @[ --> a] --> l <-> f x @[ --> (- a)] --> l.

Proof.

by rewrite nbhsN. Qed.

Lemma { : numFieldType} ( : R) :
nbhs (- x) = [set -%R @` A | in nbhs x].

Proof.

rewrite nbhsN /fmap/=; under eq_set => A do rewrite preimageEinv//= inv_oppr.
by rewrite (eq_imageK opprK opprK).
Qed.

Lemma { : numFieldType} ( : R) ( : R -> Prop) :
(\forall \near - x, P y) <-> \near , P (- x).

Proof.

by rewrite -[X in X <-> _]near_simpl nbhsN. Qed.

Lemma { : numFieldType} ( : set R) : open A -> open [set - x | in A].

Proof.

move=> Aop; rewrite openE => _ [x /Aop x_A <-].
by rewrite /interior nbhsNimage; exists A.
Qed.

Lemma ( : numFieldType) ( : set R) :
closed A -> closed [set - x | in A].

Proof.

move=> Acl x clNAx.
suff /Acl : closure A (- x) by exists (- x)=> //; rewrite opprK.
move=> B oppx_B; have : [set - x | in A] `&` [set - x | in B] !=set0.
by apply: clNAx; rewrite -[x]opprK nbhsNimage; exists B.
move=> [y [[z Az oppzey] [t Bt opptey]]]; exists (- y).
by split; [rewrite -oppzey opprK|rewrite -opptey opprK].
Qed.

Lemma { : numFieldType} ( : R) :
(- r)%R^' = (fun => -%R @` A) @` r^'.

Proof.

apply/seteqP; split=> [A [e/= e0 reA]|_/= [A [e/= e0 reA <-]]].
  exists (-%R @` A).
    exists e => // x/= rxe xr; exists (- x)%R; rewrite ?opprK//.
    by apply: reA; rewrite ?eqr_opp//= opprK addrC distrC.
  rewrite image_comp (_ : _ \o _ = idfun) ?image_id// funeqE => x/=.
  by rewrite opprK.
exists e => //= x/=; rewrite -opprD normrN => axe xa.
exists (- x)%R; rewrite ?opprK//; apply: reA; rewrite ?eqr_oppLR//=.
by rewrite opprK.
Qed.

Lemma { : numFieldType} ( : set R) ( : R) :
within A (nbhs (- r)) = - x @[ --> within (-%R @` A) (nbhs r)].

Proof.

rewrite eqEsubset /=; split; move=> E /= [e e0 reE]; exists e => //.
move=> s rse sA; apply: reE; last by rewrite memNE opprK.
by rewrite /= opprK addrC distrC.
move=> s res rs; rewrite -(opprK s); apply: reE; last by rewrite -memNE.
by rewrite /= opprK -normrN opprD.
Qed.

Lemma { : realFieldType} { : nbhsType}
( : interval T) ( : T -> U) :
{in i, continuous f} <-> {in [set` i], continuous f}.

Proof.

by split => [fi x /set_mem/=|fi x xi]; [exact: fi|apply: fi; rewrite inE].
Qed.

Lemma ( : realFieldType) ( : R) : (0 < x)%R ->
\forall \near nbhs (0%R:R), (r <= x)%R.

Proof.

exists x => // y; rewrite /ball/= sub0r normrN => /ltW.
by apply: le_trans; rewrite ler_norm.
Qed.

Lemma ( : realFieldType) ( : R) : (0 < x)%R ->
\forall \near nbhs (0%R:R), (r < x)%R.

Proof.

exists x => // z /=; rewrite sub0r normrN.
by apply: le_lt_trans; rewrite ler_norm.
Qed.

Lemma { : realFieldType} ( : R) : x < a ->
\forall \near nbhs x, y < a.

Proof.

move=> xb; exists ((a - x) / 2) => /=; first by rewrite divr_gt0// subr_gt0.
move=> r/=; rewrite ltr_pdivlMr// ltrBrDr; apply: le_lt_trans.
by rewrite -lerBlDr -normrN opprB (le_trans (ler_norm _))// ler_peMr// ler1n.
Qed.

Lemma { : realFieldType} ( : R) :
x < t -> \forall \near nbhs x, y <= t.

Proof.

by move/lt_nbhsl; apply: filterS => y /ltW. Qed.

Lemma { : realType} ( : R) :
- x < a -> \forall \near nbhs x, - y < a.

Proof.

move=> xb; exists ((a + x) / 2) => /=.
by rewrite divr_gt0// -(opprK x) subr_gt0.
move=> r/=; rewrite ltr_pdivlMr// -ltrBlDr; apply: le_lt_trans.
by rewrite -lerBlDr opprK addrC (le_trans (ler_norm _))// ler_peMr// ler1n.
Qed.

Section nbhs_lt_le.
Context { : numFieldType}.
Implicit Types x z : R.

Lemma : x < z -> \forall \near x, x <= y -> y < z.

Proof.

move=> xz; near=> y.
rewrite le_eqVlt => /predU1P[<-//|].
near: y; exists (z - x) => /=; first by rewrite subr_gt0.
move=> y/= /[swap] xy; rewrite ltr0_norm ?subr_lt0//.
by rewrite opprD addrC ltrBlDr subrK opprK.
Unshelve. all: by end_near. Qed.

Lemma : x < z -> \forall \near x, x <= y -> y <= z.

Proof.

by move=> xz; apply: filterS (lt_nbhsl_lt xz) => y /[apply] /ltW.
Qed.

End nbhs_lt_le.
#[deprecated(since="mathcomp-analysis 1.9.0", note="use `lt_nbhsl_lt` instead")]
Notation := lt_nbhsl_lt (only parsing).
#[deprecated(since="mathcomp-analysis 1.9.0", note="use `lt_nbhsl_le` instead")]
Notation := lt_nbhsl_le (only parsing).

Lemma { : realFieldType} ( : R) : a < z ->
\forall \near z, a < x.

Proof.

rewrite -subr_gt0 => za0; exists (z - a) => //= u/=.
rewrite ltrBrDl addrC -ltrBrDl => /lt_le_trans; apply.
rewrite lerBlDl.
have [uz|uz] := leP u z.
by rewrite ger0_norm ?subr_ge0// subrK.
by rewrite ltr0_norm ?subr_lt0// opprB addrAC -lerBlDr opprK lerD// ?ltW.
Qed.

Lemma { : realFieldType} ( : R) :
t < x -> \forall \near nbhs x, t <= y.

Proof.

by move/lt_nbhsr; apply: filterS => y /ltW. Qed.

Global Instance ( : numFieldType) ( : R^o) :
ProperFilter x^'.

Proof.

apply: Build_ProperFilter_ex => A /nbhs_ballP[_/posnumP[e] Ae].
exists (x + e%:num / 2)%R; apply: Ae; last by rewrite addrC -subr_eq0 addrK.
by rewrite /ball /= opprD addNKr normrN ger0_norm// [ltRHS]splitr ltr_pwDl.
Qed.

Global Instance ( : numFieldType) ( : R) :
ProperFilter x^'.

Proof.

Lemma ( : realType) : dense (@ratr R @` setT).

Proof.

move=> A [r Ar]; rewrite openE => /(_ _ Ar)/nbhs_ballP[_/posnumP[e] reA].
have /rat_in_itvoo[q /itvP qre] : r < r + e%:num by rewrite ltrDl.
exists (ratr q) => //; split; last by exists q.
apply: reA; rewrite /ball /= distrC ltr_distl qre andbT.
by rewrite (@le_lt_trans _ _ r)// ?qre// lerBlDl lerDr ltW.
Qed.

Lemma
    { : realType} ( : Type) ( : I -> set R) ( : set I) :
    (forall , open (B i)) -> (forall , B i !=set0) ->
  trivIset D B -> countable D.

Proof.

move=> oB B0 tB; have [f fB] :
    { : I -> rat & forall , D i -> B i (ratr (f i))}.
  apply: (@choice _ _ (fun => D x -> B x (ratr y))) => i.
  have [r [Bir [q _ qr]]] := dense_rat (B0 _) (oB i).
  by exists q => Di; rewrite qr.
have inj_f : {in D &, injective f}.
  move=> i j /[!inE] Di Dj /(congr1 ratr) ratrij.
  have ? : (B i `&` B j) (ratr (f i)).
    by split => //; [exact: fB|rewrite ratrij; exact: fB].
  by apply/(tB _ _ Di Dj); exists (ratr (f i)).
apply/pcard_injP; have /card_bijP/cid[g bijg] := card_rat.
pose nat_of_rat ( : rat) : nat := set_val (g (to_setT q)).
have inj_nat_of_rat : injective nat_of_rat.
  rewrite /nat_of_rat; apply: inj_comp => //; apply: inj_comp => //.
  exact/bij_inj.
by exists (nat_of_rat \o f) => i j Di Dj /inj_nat_of_rat/inj_f; exact.
Qed.

Lemma { : numFieldType} { } :
continuous (rsubmx : 'M[R]_(m, n1 + n2) -> 'M[R]_(m, n2)).

Proof.

move=> u A /nbhs_ballP[e /= e0 eA].
apply/nbhs_ballP; exists e => //= v [_ uv]; apply: eA; split => // i j.
by apply: (le_lt_trans _ (uv i (rshift n1 j))); rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Lemma { : numFieldType} { } :
continuous (lsubmx : 'M[R]_(m, n1 + n2) -> 'M[R]_(m, n1)).

Proof.

move=> u A /nbhs_ballP[e /= e0 eA].
apply/nbhs_ballP; exists e => //= v [_ uv]; apply: eA; split => // i j.
by apply: (le_lt_trans _ (uv i (lshift n2 j))); rewrite !mxE.
Qed.

Files

Module mathcomp.analysis.topology_theory.num_topology